Track record and tractability Historically, some of the highest impact individuals in the EA movement and across the broader world have been people who founded effective charities. The difference between an average charity and the top charities is likely very large. Estimates for how large this difference is range from 10 to 1,000 times more impactful.
But even if we look at the estimated difference between GiveWell’s top charities or between Animal Charity Evaluator’s top charities, we can see that the range is extremely wide. The impact of the individuals who have founded the charities at the very top (e.g. The Humane League and the Against Malaria Foundation) has been massive. This does not even consider the founding of meta-organizations like GiveWell, which has directed millions of dollars to high-impact organizations. There is a perception that founding high-impact charities is near-impossible, or at least unlikely unless the founders have decades of experience and specifically related credentials. However, if we look at the historical evidence, it seems that this perception is misguided. The following charities were founded by people with fewer than four years' experience in a closely related field, but had an explicit focus on doing the most good. This is not a complete list, as I do not know the history of many of the other top charities in the effective altruism movement:
GiveWell
The Against Malaria Foundation
Giving What We Can
80,000 Hours
Animal Charity Evaluators
Charity Science Health
The Good Food Institute
Fortify Health
This is a fairly impressive list, especially since a good portion of the founders had absolutely zero experience in the field before starting their organization. Although this track record gives us a sense of some tractability, it is still reasonable to ask whether this success can be deliberately replicated. However, I think the evidence weighs up favorably for this as well. If we look at the most recent three charities on this list (all founded within the last two years), Charity Science Health has received two GiveWell Incubation Grants and has signed up over 180,000 people to their program. The Good Food Institute is both ACE recommended and funded by the Open Philanthropy Project, and is seen as a leader in its field. Fortify Health was founded less than six months ago and is now doing very well and is on track to potentially becoming a top GiveWell charity. These need to be compared to the relatively few failed direct projects founded by EAs to get a sense of what the odds are that a new charity will become high impact. Another factor to consider regarding tractability is the relatively high levels of support that the EA movement can give to young projects. Fortify Health, for example, was legally housed, funded, advised, and supported by Charity Science. Similarly, Charity Science Health received substantial support from more established charities. Very few charity founders have the strength of community that EA charity founders have, which allows them to research a project before founding it, or to receive funding before fully establishing themselves. Neglectedness A major reason that the founding of so many effective organizations was, and still is, possible is to due to how the charity market works. Sadly, it's fairly rare for a charity to be established with the explicit goal of being high impact from an EA perspective. A huge number of charities are started out of personal passion or because the founder was personally affected by a cause. Although these charities can end up being high impact, their average effects are much lower than a nonprofit started from a research- and impact-focused mindset. This inefficiency makes it much easier to start a high-impact charity than an equivalently successful for-profit endeavor. Many organizations that have done research into charitable areas, such as GiveWell and Charity Science, have found non-trivial gaps, even in fairly research-focused areas like global poverty. It's also worth noting that it can be high impact to start multiple charities in similar areas but with somewhat different focuses or country targets. GiveWell, for example, has recommended several deworming charities. Even more dramatically, it would be easy for someone to say, “Charity Navigator already exists. Why do we need GiveWell?” when clearly the quality and organizational focuses are sufficiently different that GiveWell is likely one of the highest impact charities ever started. Furthermore, Elie Hassenfeld and Holden Karnofsky, GiveWell's founders, could have joined Charity Navigator and tried to change that organization from the inside. However, that would have been a lot less efficient than starting their own organization. From what I have seen, people find it difficult or impossible to transform an existing institution, and this is all the more acute the larger it is. Unless you can get a position near the top at an established organization, starting your own organization allows you to move many more resources towards more cost-effective or evidence-based methods. This will also be true in many other areas. Although EAs have been fairly aggressive in founding meta-charities, relatively few direct charities have been founded by the EA movement, despite the success of the direct charities that have been founded by EA-minded individuals. Aside from the ones listed above, examples include Evidence Action, New Incentives, The Humane League, and the Machine Intelligence Research Institute. Importance Founding an organization is a powerful way of moving more resources in a high-impact direction. As an individual, even a very talented one, you are limited to 40-60 hours a week of work, and generally have an earning potential of under $500,000. However, both these numbers pale in comparison to general organizational scales. Even a smaller organization, with five staff and a one-million-dollar budget, greatly increases your ability to make major progress on an issue. If you hire and fundraise exclusively from EAs, you have to compare your counterfactual to the other place where they would have donated or worked, which sometimes is very high impact and other times less so. This also leads to one of the major assets of charity entrepreneurship. If you succeed in founding a charity that is better than the current top charity, you can act as a multiplier to all of the donations going to the present best organization by shifting them to your newly enacted intervention. If somebody starts a charity that is 1.5 times better than AMF, that will multiply future would-be donations to AMF by 50%, which would have an impact of tens of millions of dollars per year. However, even if you don’t manage to oust the prevailing organization in your cause area, often within an organization you can have your funding and jobs filled by non-EAs, which greatly alleviates counterfactual concerns. In addition to the general force multiplier and the possibility of being very high impact, charities have a chance of becoming very large. The impact of even a marginally better, but very high-budget, charity can be extremely large. For example, if Oxfam were 1% more cost-effectiveness focused, it could save an enormous number of additional lives. Founding charities now gives EAs the opportunity to become the next generation of very large nonprofits. Particularly with initial funding sources such as the EA movement and the Open Philanthropy Project, it’s not impossible that a charity founded by EAs could grow to be a field leader, which would have immense impact on the world. Flow through effects In addition to the case for average impact (e.g. a 10% chance of founding a GiveWell recommended charity) and a case for potentially very large hits (e.g. a 0.001% chance of founding the next Oxfam), there is a strong case that founding direct charities has strong movement-building effects. It gives EA a very concrete achievement it can point at as an example of EAs doing something clearly good and high impact. Appearing more action-focused can have major benefits and help offset the perception that EAs are exclusively focused on philosophy and theoretical concerns. This can draw more people into the EA movement, particularly people that want to see actionable, counterfactually-achieved accomplishments before connecting to a movement. There is also the inspirational effect on others, who may then start a similar organization. Evidence Action was started with deliberate reference to evidence and cost-effectiveness, and they got recommended by GiveWell, which inspired us to start Charity Science Health, which in turn inspired Fortify Health. I suspect that at a certain point there will be diminishing returns on this particular aspect, but at the moment it’s still very high. The more people succeed, the more people will see that this wasn’t a one-off fluke, but rather something that can be repeated. An additional effect is, if you think value drift is a possible risk, establishing career and social capital in the charity sector is a way to increase the odds of long-term altruism. If your CV is in the social sector, even if you value drift, you’re likely to stay in the area because it’s easier to get jobs there. Other writing See previous writing on the value of CE and the expected value of a top charity for more reasons for the impact of charity entrepreneurship. We are also going to write more on this topic soon, including the pros and cons of EAs founding charities and an announcement post for a related organization on this topic.